PHP
Hypertext Preprocessor
Ali Pouladi
Design Engineers Association of America " No. 100269776"
Software designer concrete analysis of concrete structures in America ACI International Association
Programmer Computer Society of Iran - Sharif University
E-mail : info@ali-pouladi.ir
PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed server-side scripting languages to be embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. The code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting Web page. It also has evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.[2] PHP can be deployed on most Web servers and also as a standaloneshell on almost every operating system and platform free of charge.[3] A competitor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine[4] and similar languages, PHP is installed on more than 20 million Web sites and 1 million Web servers.[5] Software that uses PHP includesMediaWiki, Joomla, Wordpress, Concrete5, MyBB, and Drupal.PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the formal reference to the PHP language.[6] PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License(GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP.[7]While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, it is now said to stand for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, a recursive acronym.[8]
History
PHP development began in 1994 when the programmer Rasmus Lerdorf initially created a set of Perl scripts he called "Personal Home Page Tools" to maintain his personal homepage. The scripts performed tasks such as displaying his résumé and recording his web-pagetraffic.[6][9][10] Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP on the comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Usenet discussion group on June 8, 1995.[11]
Rasmus Lerdorf, who wrote the original Common Gateway Interface (CGI) component together with Andi Gutmans andZeev Suraski, who rewrote the parser that formed PHP 3
He rewrote these scripts as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) binaries in C, extending them to add the ability to work with Web formsand to communicate with databases and called this implementation "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI. PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic Web applications. Lerdorf released PHP/FI as "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0" publicly on June 8, 1995, to accelerate bug location and improve the code.[12] This release already had the basic functionality that PHP has today. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. The syntax was similar to Perl but was more limited and simpler, although less consistent.[6] A development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997.
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, two Israeli developers at the Technion IIT, rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive initialismPHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.[6] Afterward, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999.[13] They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.[6]
On May 22, 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released.[6] As of August 2008 this branch is up to version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released.[14][15]
On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II.[6] PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements.[16] In 2008 PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding had been missing from PHP and was added in version 5.3.[17][18]
A new major version has been under development alongside PHP 5 for several years. This version was originally planned to be released as PHP 6 as a result of its significant changes, which included plans for full Unicode support. However, Unicode support took developers much longer to implement than originally thought, and the decision was made in March 2010[19] to move the project to a branch, with features still under development moved to trunk.
Changes in the new code include the removal of register_globals,[20] magic quotes, and safe mode.[14][21] The reason for the removals was that register_globals had opened security holes by intentionally allowing runtime data injection, and the use of magic quotes had an unpredictable nature. Instead, to escape characters, magic quotes may be replaced with the addslashes() function, or more appropriately an escape mechanism specific to the database vendor itself like mysql_real_escape_string() for MySQL. Functions that will be removed in future versions and have been deprecated in PHP 5.3 will produce a warning if used.[22]
Many high-profile open-source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February 5, 2008, because of the GoPHP5 initiative,[23] provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5.[24][25]
Since version 5.4, PHP has native support for Unicode or multibyte strings, allowing strings as well as class-, method-, and function-names to contain non-ASCII characters.[26][27]
PHP interpreters are available on both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems, but on Microsoft Windows the only official distribution is a 32-bit implementation, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using Internet Information Services (IIS) on a 64-bit Windows platform. Experimental 64-bit versions of PHP 5.3.0 were briefly available for MS Windows, but have since been removed.[28]
Usage
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web development where PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on Web sites or elsewhere.[41] It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side graphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be deployed on most Web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems(RDBMS). It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.[3]
PHP acts primarily as a filter,[42] taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions and outputting another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. Since PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.[43]
Originally designed to create dynamic Web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side scripting,[44] and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a Web server to a client, such as Microsoft's ASP.NET, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages,[45] and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some of these include CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, Yii Framework, and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application frameworks.
The LAMP architecture has become popular in the Web industry as a way of deploying Web applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python, Perl, or some mix of the three. Similar packages are also available for Windows and OS X, then called WAMP and MAMP, with the first letter standing for the respective operating system. However both PHP and Apache are provided as part of the Mac OS X base install.
As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains had Web services hosted on servers with PHP installed and mod_php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module.[46] PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75% of all Web sites whose server-side programming language is known,[47] and PHP is the most-used open source software within enterprises[48]. Web content management systems written in PHP include MediaWiki,[49] Joomla, eZ Publish, SilverStripe,[50] WordPress,[51] Drupal [52] and Moodle.[53] All Web sites created using these tools are written in PHP, including the user-facing portion of Wikipedia, Facebook,[54] and Digg.[55]]
Security
About 30% of all vulnerabilities listed on the National Vulnerability Database are linked to PHP. [56] These vulnerabilities are caused mostly by not following best practice programming rules: technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent (23 in 2008, about 1% of the total).[57][58] Recognizing that programmers make mistakes, some languages include taint checking to detect automatically the lack of input validation which induces many issues. Such a feature is being developed for PHP,[59] but its inclusion in a release has been rejected several times in the past.[60][61]
There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening-Patch, especially designed for Web hosting environments.[62]
PHPIDS adds security to any PHP application to defend against intrusions. PHPIDS detects attacks based on cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, header injection, directory traversal, remote file execution, remote file inclusion, and denial-of-service (DoS).[63]
Syntax
Main article: PHP syntax and semantics
PHP Test
Hello world program in PHP code embedded in HTML code
The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is not processed by PHP (although non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code). The most common delimiters are to close PHP sections. <SCRIPT language="php"> and delimiters are also available, as are the shortened forms as well as ASP-style short forms <% or <%= and %>. While short delimiters are used, they make script files less portable as support for them can be disabled in the PHP configuration, and so they are discouraged.[64] The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code, including HTML.[65]
The first form of delimiters, , in XHTML and other XML documents, creates correctly formed XML 'processing instructions'.[66] This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markup in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.
Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance. Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") andheredoc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string.[67] PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language (except when inside string quotes), and statements are terminated by a semicolon.[68] PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // as well as # are used for one-line comments.[69] Theecho statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text, e.g., to a Web browser.
In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to most high level languages that follow the C style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C, C++, Java and Perl.
Data types
PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range,
either a 64-bit or 32-bit signed integer equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming languages.[70] Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative),
octal, and hexadecimal notations. Floating pointnumbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation.[71] PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and C++.[71] The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only value in the null data type is NULL.[71] Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources.[71] Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled.[71] PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, nowdoc or heredoc syntax.[72]The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes.[73]
Functions
PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more via extensions. These functions are well documented on the PHP site; however, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and inconsistencies.[74] PHP currently has no functions for thread programming, although it does support multiprocess programming on POSIX systems.[75]Additional functions can be defined by a developer:
function myFunction() { //declares a function, this is named myFunction
return 'John Doe'; //returns the value 'John Doe'
}
echo 'My name is ' . myFunction() . '!'; //outputs the text and the return variable of the
//myFunction, the function is also called
//the result of the output will be 'My name is John Doe!'
PHP 5.2 and earlier
Functions are not first-class functions and can only be referenced by their name, directly or dynamically by a variable containing the name of the function.[76] User-defined functions can be created at any time without being prototyped.[76] Functions can be defined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of zero argument class constructor functions called with the PHP new operator, where parentheses are optional. PHP supports quasi-anonymous functionsthrough the create_function() function, although they are not true anonymous functions because anonymous functions are nameless, but functions can only be referenced by name, or indirectly through a variable $function_name();, in PHP.[76]
PHP 5.3 and newer
PHP gained support for closures. True anonymous functions are supported using the following syntax:
function getAdder($x) {
return function($y) use ($x) {
return $x + $y;
};
}
$adder = getAdder(8);
echo $adder(2); // prints "10"
Here, the getAdder() function creates a closure using the parameter $x (the keyword use imports a variable from the lexical context), which takes an additional argument $y and returns it to the caller. Such a function is a first class object, meaning that it can be stored in a variable, passed as a parameter to other functions, etc. For more details see Lambda functions and closures RFC.
The goto flow control statement is used as follows:
function lock() {
$file = fopen('file.txt', 'r+');
retry:
if (!flock($file, LOCK_EX & LOCK_NB)) {
goto retry;
}
fwrite($file, 'Success!');
fclose($file);
return 0;
}
When flock() is called, PHP opens a file and tries to lock it. The target label retry: defines the point to which execution should return if flock() is unsuccessful and goto retry; is called. The goto statement is restricted and requires that the target label be in the same file and context.
The goto statement has been supported since PHP 5.3.
Resources
PHP includes free and open source libraries with the core build. PHP is a fundamentally Internet-aware system with modules built in for accessing File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers, many database servers, embedded SQL libraries such as embedded PostgreSQL, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and SQLite, LDAP servers, and others. Many functions familiar to C programmers such as those in the stdio family are available in the standard PHP build.[95]
PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. These can then be compiled into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Extensions have been written to add support for the Windows API, process management on Unix-like operating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode), cURL, and several popular compression formats. Some more unusual features include integration with Internet Relay Chat, dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, and even speech synthesis. The language's core functions such as those dealing with strings and arrays are also implemented as an extension.[96] The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.[97]
Zend provides a certification exam for programmers to become certified PHP developers.
Notes
1. ^ a b Rasmus Lerdorf began assembling C code originally written for CGI scripts into a library and accessing the library's functions, including SQL queries, through HTML-embedded commands in 1994; Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26). "PHP on Hormones – history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara, California" (mp3). The Conversations Network. Retrieved 2009-12-11. "Every day I would change the language drastically, and it didn't take very long, so by 1995, mid-1995 or so, PHP looked like this. This isn't that far from what PHP looks like today, actually."
2. ^ "Introduction: What can PHP do?". PHP Manual. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
3. ^ a b "Embedding PHP in HTML". O'Reilly. 2001-05-03. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
4. ^ "PHP Tutorial". Retrieved 2011-05-28.
5. ^ "Usage Stats for April 2007". Retrieved 2008-07-07.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "History of PHP and related projects". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
7. ^ "GPL-Incompatible, Free Software Licenses". Various Licenses and Comments about Them. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
8. ^ PHP.net General FAQ
9. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26). "PHP on Hormones"(mp3). The Conversations Network. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
10. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007). "Slide 3". slides for 'PHP on Hormones' talk. The PHP Group. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
11. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (June 8, 1995). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". Retrieved 7 June 2011.
12. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (1995-06-08). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)".comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. (Web link). Retrieved 2006-09-17.
13. ^ "Zend Engine version 2.0: Feature Overview and Design". Zend Technologies Ltd.. Retrieved 2006-09-17.[dead link]
14. ^ a b "php.net 2007 news archive". The PHP Group. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
15. ^ Kerner, Sean Michael (2008-02-01). "PHP 4 is Dead—Long Live PHP 5". InternetNews. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
16. ^ Trachtenberg, Adam (2004-07-15). "Why PHP 5 Rocks!". O'Reilly. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
17. ^ "Late Static Binding in PHP". Digital Sandwich. 2006-02-23. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
18. ^ "Static Keyword". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
19. ^ "PHP 6". The PHP project. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
20. ^ "Using Register Globals". PHP. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
21. ^ "Prepare for PHP 6". CorePHP. 2005-11-23. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
22. ^ "PHP 5.3 migration guide". The PHP project. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
23. ^ "GoPHP5".
24. ^ GoPHP5. "PHP projects join forces to Go PHP 5" (PDF).GoPHP5 Press Release. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
25. ^ "GoPHP5". GoPHP5. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
26. ^ "Unicode". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
27. ^ Byfield, Bruce (February 28, 2007). "Upcoming PHP release will offer Unicode supitle="SQLite">SQLite, LDAPservers, and others. Many functions familiar to C programmers such as those in the stdio family are available in the standard PHP build.[95]
PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. These can then be compiled into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Extensions have been written to add support for theWindows API, process management on Unix-like operating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode), cURL, and several popular compression formats. Some more unusual features include integration with Internet Relay Chat, dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, and evenspeech synthesis. The language's core functions such as those dealing with strings and arrays are also implemented as an extension.[96] The PHP Extension Community Library(PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.[97]
Zend provides a certification exam for programmers to become certified PHP developers.
Notes
1. ^ a b Rasmus Lerdorf began assembling C code originally written for CGI scripts into a library and accessing the library's functions, including SQL queries, through HTML-embedded commands in 1994; Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26). "PHP on Hormones – history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara, California"(mp3). The Conversations Network. Retrieved 2009-12-11. "Every day I would change the language drastically, and it didn't take very long, so by 1995, mid-1995 or so, PHP looked like this. This isn't that far from what PHP looks like today, actually."
2. ^ "Introduction: What can PHP do?". PHP Manual. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
3. ^ a b "Embedding PHP in HTML". O'Reilly. 2001-05-03. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
4. ^ "PHP Tutorial". Retrieved 2011-05-28.
5. ^ "Usage Stats for April 2007". Retrieved 2008-07-07.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "History of PHP and related projects". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
7. ^ "GPL-Incompatible, Free Software Licenses". Various Licenses and Comments about Them. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
8. ^ PHP.net General FAQ
9. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26). "PHP on Hormones" (mp3). The Conversations Network. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
10. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007). "Slide 3". slides for 'PHP on Hormones' talk. The PHP Group. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
11. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (June 8, 1995). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". Retrieved 7 June 2011.
12. ^ Lerdorf, Rasmus (1995-06-08). "Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)".comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. (Web link). Retrieved 2006-09-17.
13. ^ "Zend Engine version 2.0: Feature Overview and Design".Zend Technologies Ltd.. Retrieved 2006-09-17.[dead link]
14. ^ a b "php.net 2007 news archive". The PHP Group. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
15. ^ Kerner, Sean Michael (2008-02-01). "PHP 4 is Dead—Long Live PHP 5". InternetNews. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
16. ^ Trachtenberg, Adam (2004-07-15). "Why PHP 5 Rocks!". O'Reilly. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
17. ^ "Late Static Binding in PHP". Digital Sandwich. 2006-02-23. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
18. ^ "Static Keyword". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
19. ^ "PHP 6". The PHP project. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
20. ^ "Using Register Globals". PHP. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
21. ^ "Prepare for PHP 6". CorePHP. 2005-11-23. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
22. ^ "PHP 5.3 migration guide". The PHP project. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
23. ^ "GoPHP5".
24. ^ GoPHP5. "PHP projects join forces to Go PHP 5" (PDF).GoPHP5 Press Release. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
25. ^ "GoPHP5". GoPHP5. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
26. ^ "Unicode". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
27. ^ Byfield, Bruce (February 28, 2007). "Upcoming PHP release will offer Unicode support". linux.com. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
28. ^ The PHP Group. "PHP For Windows snapshots". PHP Windows Development Team. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
29. ^ "The PHP License, version 3.01". Retrieved 2010-05-20.
30. ^ "GPL-Incompatible, Free Software Licenses". Various Licenses and Comments about Them. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
31. ^ a b c d e "PHP: PHP 4 ChangeLog". The PHP Group. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
32. ^ "PHP: Using PHP from the command line – Manual:". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
33. ^ "Downloads". PHP. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
34. ^ "4.4.9 Release Announcement". PHP. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
35. ^ a b c "PHP: PHP 5 ChangeLog". The PHP Group. 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
36. ^ "PHP manual: PDO". The PHP Group. 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
37. ^ PHP: News Archive - 2010
38. ^ "Built-in web server". Retrieved March 26 2012.
39. ^ "PHP 6: Features, Release Date, Hosting and Download". Retrieved May 6 2011.
40. ^ "PHP: Release Process". 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
41. ^ "PHP Manual Image Processing and GD;". php.net. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
42. ^ Archived June 11, 2008 at the Wayback Machine[not in citation given]
43. ^ "PHP and MySQL". University of Alabama. Archived fromthe original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
44. ^ "PHP Server-Side Scripting Language". Indiana University. 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
45. ^ "JavaServer Pages Technology — JavaServer Pages Comparing Methods for Server-Side Dynamic Content White Paper". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
46. ^ "PHP: PHP Usage Stats". SecuritySpace. 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
47. ^ "Usage of server-side programming languages for websites". W3Techs. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
48. ^ "PHP and Perl crashing the enterprise party".
49. ^ "Manual:Installation requirements#PHP". MediaWiki. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-02-26. "PHP is the programming language in which MediaWiki is written [...]"
50. ^ "System requirements of SilverStripe". Retrieved 2012-03-05. "SilverStripe requires PHP 5.2+"
51. ^ "About WordPress". Retrieved 2010-02-26. "WordPress was [...] built on PHP"
52. ^ "PHP and Drupal". Drupal.org. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
53. ^ "Moodle – About". Moodle.org. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
54. ^ "PHP and Facebook | Facebook". Blog.facebook.com. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
55. ^ "PHP and Digg". O'Reilly. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
56. ^ "PHP-related vulnerabilities on the National Vulnerability Database". Retrieved 2012-07-05.
57. ^ "Security and... Driving? (and Hiring) – Sean Coates: PHP, Web (+Beer)". Sean Coates. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
58. ^ Computerworlduk.com, Interview: Ivo Jansch, February 26, 2008
59. ^ "PHP Taint Mode RFC".
60. ^ "Developer Meeting Notes, Nov. 2005".
61. ^ "Taint mode decision, November 2007".
62. ^ "Hardened-PHP Project". 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
63. ^ The PHP Group. "PHP For Windows snapshots". PHP Windows Development Team. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
64. ^ "The PHP License, version 3.01". Retrieved 2010-05-20.
65. ^ "GPL-Incompatible, Free Software Licenses". Various Licenses and Comments about Them. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
66. ^ a b c d e "PHP: PHP 4 ChangeLog". The PHP Group. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
67. ^ "PHP: Using PHP from the command line – Manual:". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
68. ^ "Downloads". PHP. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
69. ^ "4.4.9 Release Announcement". PHP. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
70. ^ a b c "PHP: PHP 5 ChangeLog". The PHP Group. 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
71. ^ "PHP manual: PDO". The PHP Group. 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
72. ^ PHP: News Archive - 2010
73. ^ "Built-in web server". Retrieved March 26 2012.
74. ^ "PHP 6: Features, Release Date, Hosting and Download". Retrieved May 6 2011.
75. ^ "PHP: Release Process". 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
76. ^ "PHP Manual Image Processing and GD;". php.net. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
77. ^ Archived June 11, 2008 at the Wayback Machine[not in citation given]
78. ^ "PHP and MySQL". University of Alabama. Archived fromthe original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
79. ^ "PHP Server-Side Scripting Language". Indiana University. 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
80. ^ "JavaServer Pages Technology — JavaServer Pages Comparing Methods for Server-Side Dynamic Content White Paper". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
81. ^ "PHP: PHP Usage Stats". SecuritySpace. 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
82. ^ "Usage of server-side programming languages for websites". W3Techs. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
83. ^ "PHP and Perl crashing the enterprise party".
84. ^ "Manual:Installation requirements#PHP". MediaWiki. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-02-26. "PHP is the programming language in which MediaWiki is written [...]"
85. ^ "System requirements of SilverStripe". Retrieved 2012-03-05. "SilverStripe requires PHP 5.2+"
86. ^ "About WordPress". Retrieved 2010-02-26. "WordPress was [...] built on PHP"
87. ^ "PHP and Drupal". Drupal.org. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
88. ^ "Moodle – About". Moodle.org. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
89. ^ "PHP and Facebook | Facebook". Blog.facebook.com. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
90. ^ "PHP and Digg". O'Reilly. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
91. ^ "PHP-related vulnerabilities on the National Vulnerability Database". Retrieved 2012-07-05.
92. ^ "Security and... Driving? (and Hiring) – Sean Coates: PHP, Web (+Beer)". Sean Coates. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
93. ^ Computerworlduk.com, Interview: Ivo Jansch, February 26, 2008
94. ^ "PHP Taint Mode RFC".
95. ^ "Developer Meeting Notes, Nov. 2005".
96. ^ "Taint mode decision, November 2007".
97. ^ "Hardened-PHP Project". 2008-08-15.
98. ^ "PHPIDS". 2011-02-20.
99. ^ "PHP: Basic syntax". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
100. ^ "Your first PHP-enabled page". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
101. ^ Bray, Tim; et al (26 November 2008). "Processing Instructions". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). W3C. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
102. ^ "Variables". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
103. ^ "Instruction separation". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
104. ^ "Comments". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
105. ^ "Integers in PHP, running with scissors, and portability". MySQL Performance Blog. March 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
106. ^ a b c d e "Types". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
107. ^ "Strings". The PHP Group. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
108. ^ "SPL — StandardPHPLibrary". PHP.net. March 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
109. ^ "Problems with PHP". Retrieved 20 December 2010.
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